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干细胞治疗糖尿病的研究进展

李 春梅

摘要

糖尿病是严重危害人类健康的慢性代谢性疾病,其核心病理基础包括胰岛β细胞数量或功能不足、胰岛素抵抗、免疫炎症异常及多器官代谢损伤。现有治疗手段以生活方式干预、口服降糖药、胰岛素、GLP-1受体激动剂、SGLT2抑制剂及糖尿病技术管理为主,能够改善血糖控制并降低并发症风险,但多数方案不能从根本上恢复胰岛β细胞功能,也难以完全避免低血糖、血糖波动和长期并发症。近年来,干细胞治疗因其在β细胞替代、免疫调节、组织修复和旁分泌调控方面的潜力,成为糖尿病再生医学研究的重要方向。胚胎干细胞、诱导多能干细胞、化学诱导多能干细胞及间充质干细胞等均被用于糖尿病基础研究和临床探索。其中,人多能干细胞定向分化为胰岛样细胞的技术进展,使大规模制备葡萄糖反应性胰岛β样细胞成为可能;间充质干细胞则主要通过免疫调节、抗炎、促进血管生成和改善胰岛微环境发挥作用。已有早期临床研究提示,干细胞来源胰岛细胞可在部分1型糖尿病患者体内产生C肽、降低外源性胰岛素用量,甚至实现阶段性胰岛素独立;间充质干细胞治疗在部分1型和2型糖尿病研究中显示出一定安全性和代谢改善信号。然而,现有证据仍存在样本量小、随访时间短、研究异质性大、缺乏充分随机对照、长期安全性不明等局限。本文围绕干细胞治疗糖尿病的理论基础、主要细胞来源、作用机制、临床研究进展、风险控制与转化难点进行综述,以期为相关临床研究和规范化应用提供参考。

关键词

糖尿病, 干细胞, 胰岛β细胞, 间充质干细胞, 诱导多能干细胞, 再生医学

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